| 🇦🇹Austria | Public EU/EEA: usually free (€363/sem after std. duration) · Non-EU public: ~€752/sem · OeH fee €25/sem | ~€1,400/month · Rent ~€450–700/month | Direct to institution · Public deadlines 5 Sep (winter) / 5 Feb (summer) · Applied-sciences, arts, private and entrance-exam programmes vary | Medium-high |
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| 🇧🇪Belgium | Flanders EU/EEA: €1,157/yr · Flanders non-EU: ~€2,300–9,500/yr · Wallonia-Brussels EU: up to €1,194/yr · Non-EU often €5,369/yr | ~€800–1,200/month · Rent ~€450–600+/month | Direct to institution · Procedures and deadlines vary by language community | Medium-high |
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| 🇨🇿Czech Republic | Czech-taught public: free for all · Foreign-language: ~€0–$22,000+/yr | ~€500–750/month · Higher in Prague and Brno | Direct to each university or faculty · Deadlines and entrance exams vary | Medium |
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| 🇩🇰Denmark | EU/EEA/Swiss: usually free · Non-EU: ~€6,000–16,000/yr (DKK 45,000–120,000) | ~DKK 8,500–12,500+/month · Rent ~DKK 3,000–6,500 (Copenhagen, Aarhus higher) | UG: Optagelse.dk (central) · Master and PhD: direct to institution | Medium-high |
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| 🇪🇪Estonia | Bachelor and master: ~€1,500–15,000/yr · Doctoral: free | Plan ~€500–900/month (official ~€300–500/month) | DreamApply portal (Study in Estonia) · Institution-specific requirements and deadlines | Medium |
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| 🇫🇮Finland | EU/EEA/Swiss: usually free · Non-EU bachelor and master: ~€8,000–20,000/yr · Doctoral: free | ~€900–1,200/month · Migri minimum €800/month for residence-permit planning | Studyinfo.fi joint application (Jan for autumn) · Plus separate institution-specific applications | Medium-high |
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| 🇫🇷France | Public EU: €178–397/yr · Public non-EU: ~€2,895–3,941/yr · Private: ~€6,000–18,000/yr | ~€900–1,500+/month · Paris and major cities materially higher | Parcoursup / DAP / Etudes en France / Mon Master / CampusArt / direct, depending on profile | Medium-high |
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| 🇩🇪Germany | Public: usually no tuition · Semester contribution ~€70–430 · Some non-EU, Bavaria, private and master fees | ~€900–1,200/month · Visa financial proof ~€992/month (€11,904/yr) | Direct to university or uni-assist · Hochschulstart for some restricted fields | Medium-high |
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| 🇮🇪Ireland | EU Free Fees: €2,500/yr contribution · Non-EU UG: ~€10,300–29,000+/yr · Medicine and health can exceed €50,000/yr | ~€830–1,330/month (€10,000–16,000/yr) · Dublin and private housing higher | EU UG: CAO · Non-EU UG and most PG: direct to institution | High |
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| 🇮🇹Italy | Public: ~€900–4,000/yr · Private: ~€6,000–20,000+/yr | ~€700–1,100/month, city dependent | Direct to institutions · Non-EU visa students also use Universitaly pre-enrolment | Medium-high |
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| 🇱🇹Lithuania | Bachelor: from ~€1,300/yr · Master: from ~€2,300/yr · Doctoral: from ~€8,400/yr | ~€500–800/month · Vilnius and private housing higher | Direct to each institution · LAMA BPO for joint admission and state-funded places | Medium |
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| 🇳🇱Netherlands | EU statutory: €2,694/yr (2026–27) · Non-EU bachelor: ~€9,000–20,000/yr · Non-EU master: ~€12,000–30,000/yr | ~€1,000–1,500/month · Rooms ~€450–1,000/month | Studielink + institution · Numerus fixus deadline 15 Jan · General deadline often 1 May | High |
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| 🇵🇱Poland | Most programmes: ~€2,000–6,000/yr (from ~€2,000) | ~€350–800/month, city dependent | Direct to each university (no national system) | Medium |
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| 🇵🇹Portugal | EU public: ~€700–1,500/yr · Non-EU public: ~€3,000–8,000+/yr · Private and business: €10,000+/yr | ~€800–1,300+/month · Lisbon and Porto higher | EU public UG: national access routes · Non-EU and most master/private: direct to institution | Medium-high |
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| 🇪🇸Spain | Public bachelor: ~€700–1,700/yr · Public master: ~€1,000–3,500/yr · Private: up to €20,000+/yr | Smaller cities ~€700–900/month · Madrid and Barcelona ~€1,000–1,200/month | Direct + regional public-university pre-enrolment · UNEDasiss or homologation for foreign UG applicants | Medium-high |
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| 🇸🇪Sweden | EU/EEA/Swiss: usually free · Non-EU: avg ~SEK 129,000/yr (range SEK 80,000–295,000) | From ~SEK 10,656/month · Rent ~SEK 3,000–7,000/month | Universityadmissions.se (central) for most international applicants | High |
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| 🇬🇧United Kingdom | International UG: ~£11,400–38,000/yr · PG: ~£9,000–30,000/yr · Clinical, MBA and specialist higher | London: ~£1,300–1,400/month · Rest of UK: ~£900–1,300/month | UG: UCAS for most full-time degrees · PG: direct to university (some specialist routes use separate systems) | Medium-high |
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| 🇺🇸United States | Public 2-yr in-district: $4,150/yr · Public 4-yr out-of-state: $31,880/yr · Private 4-yr: $45,000/yr (2025–26 averages) · International and graduate fees vary | ~$17,000–25,000+/yr (~$1,400–2,100+/month) · High-cost cities materially higher | Direct + Common App / Coalition / state systems for UG · Department portals for graduate study | Medium-high |
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